2.
   2023
/  
 
(  )
: 3     :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.           
2.     ,      
-
3.       ?       
   
4.        ?     

-
2.
5.        ?      
       
6.         
-
7.          
8.             ?
2.
   2023
/  
 
(  )
: 3     :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.           
:      
 
     ,         
    ,
,            ,
    ,        
     ',       ,   
             
               
         ,  ,   
 
1.     -   
         ,   ,  
               , 
    
2.
     :
 
    
       '   
     
 
       
,               
       
2.       
      ,          
   ,           

            
             
 -         
 ,       
,     
   
               
3.   -     
            ,   
,   ,     
             
   :
     
,      
 
      
        
      
 ,      
'    ,  ' 
2.
4.      
      , ,   ,  
    '    
      :
1.          
2.   -  ,         
  -, " "    
      
                  ,
      
        
5.      - " ,  " 
 ,            , 
               
   ' -    
   :
 
  
   
     
 
  
    ,
     
  ,         
     
6.    
   ,    ,  , ,
,          
           
2.
  ,      
   
  
, :
    
  '   '   
      
 ,           
7. , ,   
        ,    '   
     '    :
   
  
   
      
  ,        ,  
          
8.     
  ,           
          ,    -
  
     :
 '  
     
           
,  ,        '    
,            '  
  
2.
9.    
   , -,       
 ,            
      :
 
 
   
        
  ,    
  
10.   
       ,   ,    
      ,        , 
 ,             
 
     :
  
  
  '    

         ,       
     ,  , ,   ,  , -,
  ,            ,
    ,       
 
2.
2.     ,      
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  ,     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
1980      ()       
              ()   
,             ,
   '    :  ,     

󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
1.   ():
o      '   ,     
    
o ..          
    ,      
o             
  
2.   :
o    ,      
 '   
o         ,    
  
3.  ,  ,  :
o    
  -      ,  
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 ,         
 , 
   , -     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
1.  
- :"  "   , ,  
 '   
 :    - 
  
  :,     ' 
2.
 :          


2.  
 :    ,    
     
:NEP 2020       
 : ,      '  
3.  
  ( ):  ,   
  :        
:   
   
4.  
 :      
  :    
   
  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
1.  
  : '       

 :      
    (GST):    
 
2.  
    :  
 
 :    
   :      
  :      
3.     
 :-      
  :         
 :        
4.    
2.
,      
      
   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼:   

 :    '     
:   NEP 2020   
 
 :         '   

 :         ' 
 
 :         
  :        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
          '   
   ,  ,      ' 
   -          -    
              ,
        
-
3.       ?       
   
:   
           , 
  
  
                
        '  
 ?   , , , 
,       '     ?      
   ?        
 
  ,      "         
      "    ,  , , 
2.
       ,         
 
   
,   , ,      - ,
, , ,          
',          
,             
   
1.  
       
    ,    
   ,             "  
  ?"  "        ?"     
               
       
,                ,
  -    ,      ,   
     
2. 
            ,  ,
, , , ,      ,      
             ,
 ,           
                
  ,             , 
             
 
3.    
    ,    , -  ,    
          , , ,
     ,       
    '
        -     ,  ,
   
2.
     
         ,

         '       
4.    
, ,            
     MSP     '      -
    ,   ,         
 ,     :
"    ?"
   ,  , , ,      
    ,            
 
,           
5.   
     -       , 
   ,           
        

 ,  -     , ,    '
      ,     -  
 ,       -   
 
6.      
    ,            
          ,         
  ,  ,           
 ,    ' ,        
  ,    
7.      
2.
         , ,  
         :
"    ?    ?"
  , ,        
 ,    , ,       
        
8. ,  ,  
  ,  , ,  , ,    ,
,            
   
 
   , ,          
        ,         
   '       
9.     
               :
    ? •     ? •    
? •  , ,         ?
    ,        
,  
    
10. ,    
         ,  , , 
 ,             , ,
 ,    ,      


2.
           
   ,
, , , ,  ,         
    -         , 
 -    ,           

              
  
         ,      , ,
           ,   

 
4.        ?     

:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼            |
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
       ,           
    ,   ,     '    
   
            
   ,     
   ,   
   ,        
 -          -      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    
1.     
         
             

       ,     
    
    , 
         
      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:    ,    ,    
        
2.
2.   
            
              
  
             

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔              
 
3. ,       
  ,          
   '     ,      
 
       ,      
   
 
4. --- (FPTP)  
 FPTP     ,         , 
     
    30-40%          
        ,    
        
5.     
  ,     -,    
   
      ,        ,
  -  
       
6.    
    -     , ,    -  
      
    '      '   
  ,         
7.   
2.
   ,          
,   ,        
     
       
8.       
  ,      
      ,    '   
            
9.       
           ,    
  
 -    ,       
      
10.      
         
           
       
     ,         
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
1.     
-         
 - 
    
   '       
2.     
          - 
      
         
3.    
        FPTP   '  ,
   
           
  
2.
4.    
           

        
5.     
        
           
   
           
6.      
       
      '   
  
   
7.  
   -     
          
8.      
        -
   -   
        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
        -    ,    ,
,           
       -      ,  
,    ,      -     

2.
-
5.        ?      
       
:             
  
 ,      
 -  , , ,  
            ',   
           ,     
          ,   
               

,     ,          
  -     
          |
1.        
   ,          
  , ,         ,  
  '      
      
                  
  -            
 " ", " ", " "    
2.    
-            
      ,    ,    
       ,       
            ,   
        ,  "
 "   

2.
3.   ' 
  ,           
             
   ,  ,         
 -     '       
        
4.     
   ,         
   ,         
             
          
 ,   
   
   ,        '  
 
5.     
      ,           
                   
             
  
 '         ,     
    
6.   ' 
      - , , , , , , ,   
             ,    
           ,   ' 
              
7.      
 ,           
   
     ,            
2.
        ,   
      ,
   
         
 ,         -     ', 
   '     
 '          
  :  '          
?       :
1.      
     '          
  
           '     ,
       ,     '    
-   ' 
2.     
                '
 
              
             
  
  
3.     
-            
     -,  ,  
           , 
    
        

4. -   
2.
           - , ,
 , ,   ,  ,    - ' 
                
      ,         
5. -   
 , - ,        
     - ,  ,  
,           
        ,     

6.    
           , 
            
               
7.       
 ,             :








,







-







'





    ,        -
        


       ,         
 ,   ,           
        ,       
             ,
         ,   -  
           "  "   

,     
2.
6.         
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
     ,       
    
 ,   2024     ,       
                -  
          ,    
      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼1.    
:   () ,  2024     ,
            
  ()   '   
:       ,   -  
   ,        
 :          

 -         ,        
   

󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼2.     
:        2024    
 ,     
:       ,     
'   
 
 :         
 - 
   ,       
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼3.    
:       ,   
   ,           
 
:    - ,     - 

 
 :          - 
   '            
2.
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼4.      
:    '      
    ,  (    ) 
 ,
      
: ,     ,       
    
 :         
   ,          
      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼5.      
:           ,  
     
:           
    
 :          
    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼6.    
:       ,     '
     
:     ,     
     
 :          
 
,       
       
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼7.     
:        ,   
     
:        ,   
   '       
 :          
    
 ,        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼8.    
:   ,     
          
2.
:    
 ,        
 
 :           
   -    ,         

󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼9.    
: ,         
            
  
:         
 :        ,
          
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
   ,   ,  ,  , 
                
  
       ,  ,    
    
-
7.          
:            |
 
     ,  
           
    
         ,  
     ,             
   ,   ,   ,        
 
           
  ,               ,   
-         
        
1.  
2.
           
  1947   
,                
,          
   ,     :
   
    
      
         -    , 
            
  
2.  
 -               :
       
, , , ,      
    
    :
            
    
        
    '     
    
       
 ,    '   ,       
   
3.  
         ,  ,    
 
         :
   
 ,    

2.
 
 ,       '   :
   
  
     
          
 ,              
4.  
   ,    ,     
  ,  
                :
 
 
  
 
   '      
 :
   
  
      
    
       ( ), ,  , ,  
          
 ,          
5.    
         ,     -

   :
    
    
   
2.
   ,      
  -     
      :
        '  
       
         
     '   
        '  
 ,  -          

6.     
   ,        
   
  :
  
 
 
 
 :
         ,    
 
          
  
,     ,          
      , ,     
 ,    
    
7.  
   
           
,   -         ,   
,             
  
   :
2.

 

 
          , , 20,  
         
8.    
        ,  ,  ,
  -  -   -    
     :
 -
 -
  
, , ,          
  '         

         
  , , 
,  ,  -, ,     
                 ,
  ,       '   -
   
8.             ?
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
  1947   ,        :   
              
  ' ,      '        
                -
-  
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  : -        '     

               

               
     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼- 
1.   
        ,      
 
         
          '    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:              
   
2.     
    ,        
  -          

 1961  ,       , -
 (NAM)    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       ,    '  
 
3.   
            
            -    
   
           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:              
      
4.    
            
         
2.
            

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:  PL-480         ,  
       
5.  
     -      
  ,     -   
           
6.    
NAM         
NAM       ,    '  
    
             

󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-  
1.     
  ,        - 
             
, 

    

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: 1962  -  ,       
2.   
     -        
 
  ,         
 
           
3.   
       ,       

      '   
           

2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:        ,   
 
4.     
     ,       , 
 1971  - ,      
     -      
5.    
       
 
       ,  (1947, 1965, 1971, 1999)  
(1962)   
              
 
6. NAM    
  , NAM      
        
 
     ,        
 
NAM     -  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
-       
:     ,     
:      ,      
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 : -       ,    -
  
       -     
             
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
       -        
     ,    ,  
   ,      -    ,  
,       
2.
,     "-"    
,   
        ,      
      
"              
 
       ,       
 "